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In music, the tonic is the first scale degree () of the diatonic scale (the first note of a scale) and the tonality center or final resolution Musical tone (2025). 9780073101873, McGraw Hill. ISBN 9780073101873 that is commonly used in the final cadence in tonal (musical key-based) classical music, popular music, and traditional music. In the movable do solfège system, the tonic note is sung as do. More generally, the tonic is the Musical note upon which all other notes of a piece are hierarchically referenced. Scales are named after their tonics: for instance, the tonic of the C major scale is the note C.
The triad formed on the tonic note, the tonic chord, is thus the most significant chord in these styles of music. In Roman numeral analysis, the tonic chord is typically symbolized by the Roman numeral "" if it is major and by "" if it is minor.
These chords may also appear as Seventh chord: in major, as M7, or in minor as 7 or rarely M7:
{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key c \major1_\markup { \concat { "I" \raise #1 \small "M7" } } \bar "||"
\clef treble \time 4/4 \key c \minor} }1_\markup { \concat { "i" \raise #1 \small "7" } } ^\markup { "rare" }_\markup { \concat { "i" \raise #1 \small "M7" } } \bar "||"
The tonic is distinguished from the root, which is the reference note of a chord, rather than that of the scale.
Two have the same tonic. For example, in both C major and C minor, the tonic is C. However, (two different scales that share a key signature) have different tonics. For example, C major and A minor share a key signature that feature no sharps or flats, despite having different tonic pitches (C and A, respectively).
The term tonic may be reserved exclusively for use in tonal contexts while tonal center or pitch center may be used in post-tonal and Atonality music: "For purposes of non-tonal centric music, it might be a good idea to have the term 'tone center' refer to the more general class of which 'tonics' (or tone centers in tonal contexts) could be regarded as a subclass." cited in Thus, a pitch center may function referentially or contextually in an atonal context, often acting as an Axis system or line of symmetry in an interval cycle. The term pitch centricity was coined by Arthur Berger in his "Problems of Pitch Organization in Stravinsky". According to Walter Piston, "the idea of a unified classical tonality replaced by nonclassical (in this case nondominant) centricity in a composition is perfectly demonstrated by Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune".Walter Piston (1987/1941). Harmony, p. 529. 5th edition revised by Mark DeVoto. W. W. Norton, New York/London. .
The tonic includes four separate activities or roles as the principal goal tone, initiating event, generator of other tones, and the stable center neutralizing the tension between dominant and subdominant.
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